TY - JOUR
T1 - Exploring Spatial Inequalities in COVID-19 Mortality and Their Association With Multidimensional Poverty in Colombia
T2 - A Spatial Analysis Study
AU - Birchenall-Jiménez, Claudia
AU - Jiménez-Barbosa, Wilson Giovanni
AU - Riascos-Ochoa, Javier
AU - Cosenz, Federico
N1 - Copyright © 2025 Birchenall-Jiménez, Jiménez-Barbosa, Riascos-Ochoa and Cosenz.
PY - 2025/1
Y1 - 2025/1
N2 - OBJECTIVES: The objective is to examine spatial inequalities in COVID-19 mortality rates in Colombia in relation to the spatial distribution of multidimensional poverty.METHODS: A retrospective spatial epidemiological study was conducted in Colombia from 2020 to 2022. Spatial statistics such as Moran's I index, LISA analysis, and simultaneous autoregressive conditional (SAC) regression models were used.RESULTS: The Moran's I index for different years was as follows: 2020: 0.3 (p = 0.0001), 2021: 0.27 (p = 0.0001), and 2022: 0.26 (p = 0.0001). In 2020, the significant variables were low educational achievement, barriers to early childhood care, child labor, school non-attendance, informal employment, lack of health insurance, inadequate floor material, and critical overcrowding. In 2021, the significant variables were low educational achievement, critical overcrowding, inadequate excreta disposal, and lack of access to water sources. In 2022, the significant variables were school lag and inadequate excreta disposal.CONCLUSION: This study revealed that in Colombia, a series of socioeconomic and health factors are interconnected and contribute to COVID-19 mortality. These changes may reflect various socioeconomic, political, and environmental dynamics that shifted during the pandemic years.
AB - OBJECTIVES: The objective is to examine spatial inequalities in COVID-19 mortality rates in Colombia in relation to the spatial distribution of multidimensional poverty.METHODS: A retrospective spatial epidemiological study was conducted in Colombia from 2020 to 2022. Spatial statistics such as Moran's I index, LISA analysis, and simultaneous autoregressive conditional (SAC) regression models were used.RESULTS: The Moran's I index for different years was as follows: 2020: 0.3 (p = 0.0001), 2021: 0.27 (p = 0.0001), and 2022: 0.26 (p = 0.0001). In 2020, the significant variables were low educational achievement, barriers to early childhood care, child labor, school non-attendance, informal employment, lack of health insurance, inadequate floor material, and critical overcrowding. In 2021, the significant variables were low educational achievement, critical overcrowding, inadequate excreta disposal, and lack of access to water sources. In 2022, the significant variables were school lag and inadequate excreta disposal.CONCLUSION: This study revealed that in Colombia, a series of socioeconomic and health factors are interconnected and contribute to COVID-19 mortality. These changes may reflect various socioeconomic, political, and environmental dynamics that shifted during the pandemic years.
KW - Humans
KW - Colombia/epidemiology
KW - COVID-19/mortality
KW - Retrospective Studies
KW - Spatial Analysis
KW - Socioeconomic Factors
KW - Poverty/statistics & numerical data
KW - Health Status Disparities
KW - SARS-CoV-2
KW - Male
KW - Female
KW - COVID 19
KW - Salud Pública
U2 - 10.3389/ijph.2024.1607820
DO - 10.3389/ijph.2024.1607820
M3 - Artículo
C2 - 39834605
SN - 1661-8556
VL - 69
SP - 1607820
JO - International Journal of Public Health
JF - International Journal of Public Health
ER -