Radiological Imaging of Tuberculosis and Human Immunodefi ciency Virus

It is estimated that billion people around the world are infected with tuberculosis (TB). The immune system alterations suffered by patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection make them highly susceptible to developing TB disease. The use of isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) has been shown to be effective in reducing the TB risk in both individuals infected with HIV and those not infected. Imaging studies of patients with suspected pulmonary disease associated with retroviral infection must start with conventional radiography. The other imaging studies include computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET)/CT. The follow-up of patients being treated for TB is essentially clinical. Imaging follow-up is limited to patients with high risk of relapse, patients treated for some multiresistant infections and patients who did not complete treatment due to drug toxicity.